A System for Typesetting Mathematics

ABSTRACT

      This paper describes the design and implementation of a system for typesetting mathematics. The language has been designed to be easy to learn and to use by people (for example, secretaries and mathematical typists) who know neither mathematics nor typesetting. Experience indicates that the language can be learned in an hour or so, for it has few rules and fewer exceptions. For typical expressions, the size and font changes, positioning, line drawing, and the like necessary to print according to mathematical conventions are all done automatically. For example, the input

      The syntax of the language is specified by a small context-free grammar; a compiler-compiler is used to make a compiler that translates this language into typesetting commands. Output may be produced on either a phototypesetter or on a terminal with forward and reverse half-line motions. The system interfaces directly with text formatting programs, so mixtures of text and mathematics may be handled simply.

      This paper is a revision of a paper originally published in CACM, March, 1975.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Photocomposition
• 3. Language Design
• 4. The Language
• 5. Language Theory
• 6. Experience
• 7. Conclusions
• 8. Introduction
• 9. Displayed Equations
• 10. Input spaces
• 11. Output spaces
• 12. Symbols, Special Names, Greek
• 13. Spaces, Again
• 14. Subscripts and Superscripts
• 15. Braces for Grouping
• 16. Fractions
• 17. Square Roots
• 18. Summation, Integral, Etc.
• 19. Size and Font Changes
• 20. Diacritical Marks
• 21. Quoted Text
• 22. Lining Up Equations
• 23. Big Brackets, Etc.
• 24. Piles
• 25. Matrices
• 26. Shorthand for In-line Equations
• 27. Definitions
• 28. Local Motions
• 29. A Large Example
• 30. Keywords, Precedences, Etc.
• 31. Troubleshooting
• 32. Use on UNIX
• 33. Acknowledgments
• Footnotes